Cholangiocarcinoma
Page Medically Reviewed and Edited by Anne Courtney, AOCNP, DNPThis page has been fact checked by a Doctor of Nursing Practice who specializes in Oncology and has experience working with mesothelioma patients.
Sources of information are listed at the bottom of the article. We make every attempt to keep our information accurate and up-to-date.
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Cholangiocarcinoma is a serious and potentially life-threatening type of cancer. There is no known single cause of cholangiocarcinoma; however, there are certain risk factors for the disease, including liver disease and congenital bile duct abnormalities.[1] Currently, researchers are exploring the possibility of asbestos exposure as a risk factor. Inflammation and damage caused by asbestos fibers (the same damage that can lead to cancers like mesothelioma) may trigger cholangiocarcinoma.
What is Cholangiocarcinoma?
Cholangiocarcinoma is cancer of the bile ducts. Bile ducts are tubes that connect the liver, small intestines, and gallbladder. These ducts transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestines. Bile is a fluid the body uses to digest fats. There are small and larger ducts within the liver, called the intrahepatic bile ducts. The common bile ducts are where these smaller ducts connect with the cystic duct outside the liver. The common bile duct moves through the pancreas and into the small intestine.[2]
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When cancer originates in these ducts, it is referred to as cholangiocarcinoma. A primary tumor may grow in the intrahepatic ducts, in the duct just outside the liver, or the ducts that run through the pancreas and small intestines. These are called, respectively, intrahepatic bile duct cancer, perihilar bile duct cancer, and distal bile duct cancer; however, all of these subsets are still considered cholangiocarcinoma.[2]
Symptoms and Diagnosis
There are several potential symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma, including jaundice, abdominal pain, weakness, itchy skin, weight loss, fever, fatigue, and white bowel movements.[1]
Diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma begins with a physical examination and blood tests. Tumor markers can also help aid in the work-up of this cancer, which is done by simple blood tests. A blood test may also be performed to examine liver function, providing a useful diagnostic tool.[3]
The patient may also receive an abdominal ultrasound. This is a special imaging test that helps physicians see soft tissues and tumors in the bile ducts. A patient may also receive a CT or MRI scan, to provide a better sense of tumor size and location.[3]
If doctors suspect bile duct cancer, an endoscope may be inserted through the mouth to the stomach and intestines to provide a closer view.[3]
A cholangiography, imaging of the bile ducts, may also be performed. During this special procedure, dye is injected into the ducts. Then an X-ray is taken so doctors can detect any tumors.[4]
Finally, doctors may biopsy suspected tumors. A biopsy involves removing a small amount of tissue and examining it under the microscope to detect cancer cells.[3]
Causes of Cholangiocarcinoma
Experts do not fully understand what causes cholangiocarcinoma. Ultimately, all cancers are caused by cell DNA damage, which causes tumors to form. There are some known risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. These may not specifically cause this cancer, but they increase may the risk:[1]
- Having a disease called primary sclerosing cholangitis, a hardening and scarring of the bile ducts
- Congenital bile duct problems, including cysts or irregular bile ducts from birth
- Contracting a parasite of the liver; this is more common in Southeast Asia and can come from consuming raw and under-cooked fish
- Having chronic liver disease
- Age; most people diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma are fifty or older.
- Smoking
Asbestos and Cholangiocarcinoma
Recent studies have found connections between asbestos exposure and cholangiocarcinoma. One study that examined thousands of Europeans diagnosed with bile duct cancer discovered that those exposed to asbestos in the workplace were more likely to develop cholangiocarcinoma, specifically intrahepatic bile duct cancer.[5]
Another smaller Italian study also investigated workers diagnosed with this type of cancer. This study specifically examined construction workers. A significant connection between intrahepatic bile duct cancer and workers exposed to asbestos was indicated in the study. Researchers suggest asbestos may trigger chronic inflammation in the bile ducts, ultimately leading to cancer development. This study also noted a worldwide increase in the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma over the past thirty years. This trend could be due to asbestos exposure.[6]
Treatment and Prognosis for Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and/ or radiation. The most appropriate treatment is dependent on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis and the overall health of the patient. The stage provides information about the size of the tumor and if it has spread to any lymph nodes or distant organs.[7] Chemotherapy may be used, administering drugs that target and kill fast-growing cancer cells. Radiation therapy, which involves a focused high-energy beam to kill cancer cells, is also a possibility.[3]
Other possible treatments include photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy causes light-sensitive chemicals to accumulate inside cancer cells. Then lasers activate the chemicals, killing the cancerous cells. In some cases, a liver transplant may have the potential to cure cholangiocarcinoma.[3]
Avoiding Asbestos and Prevention
Knowing more about the causes of cholangiocarcinoma can help people avoid risk factors that could lead to a cancer diagnosis. People are less likely to be exposed to asbestos today, but it is still a risk factor. Avoiding asbestos, especially in older homes and relying on asbestos professionals to find and abate the material is important.[8] It is also important to be aware of safety regulations in the workplace, especially where exposure is possible.
Cholangiocarcinoma is a cancer that may be triggered by asbestos exposure; however, many people develop the disease without experiencing any known exposure. Regardless of the cause, it is important to seek a diagnosis and treatment as early as possible. If you have been diagnosed with bile duct cancer and you have been exposed to asbestos in the past, talk to an asbestos attorney to determine your legal options.
Page Medically Reviewed and Edited by Anne Courtney, AOCNP, DNP
Anne Courtney has a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree and is an Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse Practitioner. She has years of oncology experience working with patients with malignant mesothelioma, as well as other types of cancer. Dr. Courtney currently works at University of Texas LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes.